{"id":209,"date":"2024-03-10T16:59:42","date_gmt":"2024-03-10T20:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/brand\/style-guide\/?page_id=209"},"modified":"2025-01-03T14:44:51","modified_gmt":"2025-01-03T19:44:51","slug":"punctuation-and-formatting","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/brand\/style-guide\/punctuation-and-formatting\/","title":{"rendered":"Punctuation and formatting"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group border-lg border-primary p-4\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jump to: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul id=\"degrees\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#accents\">Accents (foreign)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ampersands\">Ampersands<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#apostrophes\">Apostrophes<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#brackets\">Brackets \/ parentheses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#colons\">Colons<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#commas\">Commas<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#dashes\">Dashes<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#datetime\">Dates and times<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ellipses\">Ellipses<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#headlines\">Headlines<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#hyphens\">Hyphens<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#italics\">Italics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#lists\">Lists: bullets, numbers, etc.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#possessives\">Possessives<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#quotations\">Quotations<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#semicolons\">Semicolons<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#underlining\">Underlining<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:8px;}.kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:8px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id209_c344ec-b6 kt-accordion-has-28-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-12 kt-pane209_f21bac-10\" id=\"accents\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Accents (foreign)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Use the<strong> appropriate accents<\/strong> if a <strong>non-English word<\/strong> is being used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00c9tienne B\u00f6k, professor in the Schulich School of Business<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fran\u00e7ois Rh\u00e9aume, professor of linguistics at Glendon<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Professor Harpin was raised in Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Que.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>French studies Professor V\u00e9ronique Duval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Groupe de recherches en \u00e9tudes francophones is the name of the French-language press based at Glendon College.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>York professors attended a conference at the Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Radioastronomie in Germany.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-13 kt-pane209_ad8aa9-32\" id=\"ampersands\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Ampersands<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Use when part of an <strong>official name<\/strong>: H&amp;R Block, AT&amp;T and in expressions such as B&amp;B (bed and breakfast).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use when part of the name of a <strong>Faculty, school, department, program or centre<\/strong>. Write out \u201cand\u201d in all other instances, including job titles.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-14 kt-pane209_3b0caf-f3\" id=\"apostrophes\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Apostrophes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Use the apostrophe before an \u201cs\u201d<\/strong> to indicate the possessive (i.e. something that is <strong>of or belonging to<\/strong> something else \u2013 the graduating class <strong>of <\/strong>York).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>York\u2019s graduating class<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If something is <strong>descriptive rather than possessive<\/strong>, it does not take an apostrophe (the guide for students, the college for teachers, the outfielder for the Jays).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>students guide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>teachers college<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jays outfielder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Singular and plural nouns not ending in \"s\"<\/strong> take an apostrophe and \"s\" to form the possessive case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>father's pipe, women's health, people's food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plural nouns ending in \u201cs\u201d<\/strong> take an apostrophe alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>teachers' apples, the two peoples' history, the Joneses' daughter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The students\u2019 grades will be posted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Singular nouns and names ending in \"s\" <\/strong>(or an s sound) normally take an <strong>'s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chris's sandwich, Burgess's novel, the witness's testimony<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Schulich School of Business\u2019s faculty members<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But <strong>names of two or more syllables that end with a \"z\" or \"eez\" sound <\/strong>often take only an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lansens' foot, Socrates' plays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Professor Bridget Jenkins\u2019 research<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: \u201cs\u201d followed by an apostrophe reads awkwardly, so it might be better to rewrite the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Grades will be posted.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Research by Professor Bridget Jenkins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use an apostrophe with <strong>plurals of lowercase letters<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mind your p\u2019s and q\u2019s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dot the i\u2019s and cross the t\u2019s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Capital letters and numbers<\/strong> have no apostrophe before plural \u201cs\u201d (unless you need one to avoid ambiguity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>She got straight As.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We teach the three Rs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 1960s was a decade of rapid growth for 快播视频.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A\u2019s in math and physics are hard to come by.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(See the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/brand\/style-guide\/numbers\/#numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Numbers<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"#datetime\"><strong>Dates and times<\/strong><\/a> sections.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not use an apostrophe with the <strong>possessive pronoun \u201cits.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The program is in its third year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use an apostrophe with the<strong> contraction meaning \u201cit is.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It\u2019s a difficult course.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use an apostrophe to indicate the <strong>omission of letters of figures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>she'd, couldn't, rock 'n' roll, the early '30s, the class of '80<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-23 kt-pane209_6fc5bd-1f\" id=\"brackets\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Brackets \/ parentheses<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Use brackets sparingly when other punctuation won\u2019t do the job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use <strong>regular brackets<\/strong> (parentheses) to indicate a <strong>separate thought or expression <\/strong>within a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>She taught the statistics course (one of the toughest in the curriculum) for 15 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Regular brackets can be used to offer an <strong>explanation or definition <\/strong>of a term or an<strong> acronym<\/strong> that is to be repeated within the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) has honoured two York professors. This year\u2019s teaching award recipients were announced by OCUFA officials at the spring meeting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use regular brackets to enclose a York grad\u2019s degree details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>David Coombs (BA \u201972, PhD \u201978) retired in 2004 after 27 years as a stockbroker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If a punctuation mark applied to the whole sentence, put the mark after the closing bracket. If a punctuation mark applies only to the words inside the parenthetical section, put the mark inside the closing bracket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In general, a parenthetical sentence takes a capital only if it is a direct quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use <strong>brace or square brackets<\/strong> within a direct quote to indicate words of explanation that are not actually part of the original quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cThose enrolling in it [the master\u2019s program] should know that the requirement is six full credits and a thesis,\u201d said Jones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Avoid <strong>nested parentheses<\/strong> ([&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ]), square brackets inside round brackets, whenever possible. (The exception being honorary degrees.)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-24 kt-pane209_a0b548-0c\" id=\"colons\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Colons<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Use a colon, rather than a comma, to introduce a direct quotation longer than a short sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a colon to introduce a list, an example or a question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use colons in question-and-answer formats and for interviews. Quotation marks are not used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, do not capitalize the first letter of a sentence that follows a colon, unless it\u2019s a word that would always be capitalized.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-25 kt-pane209_38c94d-c8\" id=\"commas\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Commas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>In a<strong> short&nbsp;series<\/strong> (list),&nbsp;use commas after each item&nbsp;<strong>but not before the final conjunction unless that avoids confusion.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Students will need books, pencils and rulers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With a <strong>long or complex series <\/strong>(list), use semicolons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>His main research areas include: 20th century literature and criticism; aesthetics of criticism in the postmodern era; deconstructionist criticism and French literature; and theatre history for set designers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(See the&nbsp;<a href=\"#lists\"><strong>Lists<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a&nbsp;<strong>quotation,<\/strong>&nbsp;commas and periods always go inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons outside. The question mark and exclamation mark go inside the quotations when they apply to the quoted matter only; outside when they apply to the entire sentence. (See <a href=\"#quotations\"><strong>Quotations<\/strong><\/a> section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cWe need to recruit the best students we possibly can,\u201d he said.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Registrar\u2019s Office announced that the changes would be \u201cretroactive.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With a&nbsp;<strong>long, descriptive title,<\/strong>&nbsp;put commas after the name and job description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>EJ Janse van Rensburg, interim dean of the Faculty of Science, spoke at the meeting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patrice Blanchard, federal minister of immigration, visited York.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With&nbsp;<strong>degrees and long descriptive phrases,<\/strong>&nbsp;put a comma between the name, the degree and the phrase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>George Nelson, BA, MA, PhD, won a gold medal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alice Johnson, PhD, a pioneer in genetic engineering, is a York graduate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing a&nbsp;<strong>specific date that includes the day of the week,<\/strong>&nbsp;put a comma between the weekday and the month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Friday, Aug. 5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If&nbsp;<strong>abbreviating the weekday (but avoid)<\/strong>, remove the comma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fri. Aug. 5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a&nbsp;<strong>comma before a list beginning in e.g. and before etc. at the end of a list.<\/strong> If there is no list, there is no need for a comma before etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The walls were painted in a variety of colours,\u00a0<strong>e.g.<\/strong>\u00a0blue, green, peach, ivory,\u00a0<strong>etc.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The abbreviated form ibid. is in more general use in bibliographies\u00a0<strong>etc.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a&nbsp;<strong>comma before a list or clause beginning with i.e.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abbreviations are helpful when taking notes in a lecture, i.e. they can save you time and space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-26 kt-pane209_64d80d-62\" id=\"dashes\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Dashes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>The dash should not be confused with the hyphen. A hyphen is used to break a word over two lines, or to join two compound words.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At York, we do not use the em-dash (long dash). For typesetting purposes, we use the en-dash (middle-length dash) as an em-dash, to<strong> set off mid-sentence lists or explanations. This dash can be used instead of a pair of commas, or instead of a colon.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anything that would typically require an en-dash (joining inclusive numerals, attaching a prefix or a suffix to an unhyphenated compound or joining the names of two or more places) will get a hyphen instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ABLE York \u2013 an organization that promotes the rights of students with disabilities \u2013 is hosting the event.<br>or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ABLE York, an organization that promotes the rights of students with disabilities, is hosting the event.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use&nbsp;<strong>dashes to set lists apart<\/strong>&nbsp;from the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The visitors will discuss common problems \u2013 trade, tourism, immigration and defence \u2013 before the conference is over.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use dashes when commas (generally preferable) would create confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The pies \u2013 meat and fruit \u2013 were cheap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a dash to mark a sharp break in a word or sentence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cI\u2019ve been laughed at, ignored \u2013 but I\u2019m boring you.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Write dashes with a space before and after.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-27 kt-pane209_95202d-b8\" id=\"datetime\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Dates and times<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Write&nbsp;<strong>specific dates<\/strong>&nbsp;within the body of a text as follows, abbreviating the month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Saturday, Sept. 19, 2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing specific dates, omit the year when referring to the year we\u2019re in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wednesday, Nov. 25<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not change the order of construction, e.g. do not use \u201cSaturday, 19 Sept.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For dates that are&nbsp;<strong>distant,<\/strong>&nbsp;omit the weekday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Feb. 20, 2028<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: The months of&nbsp;<strong>March, April, May, June and July<\/strong>&nbsp;are never abbreviated because the words are so short. They are instead written out in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>May 9, 1985<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thursday, July 3, 1997<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t use ordinal indicators (the suffixes \"st,\" \"nd,\" \"rd,\" \"th\") when writing dates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oct. 12 not Oct. 12th or Oct. 12<sup>th<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/brand\/style-guide\/numbers\/#ordinal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ordinal indicators \/ superscript <\/strong><\/a>section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing&nbsp;<strong>approximate dates<\/strong>&nbsp;within the body of a text, spell out the month in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>During December (month only)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Avoid commas<\/strong>&nbsp;when you are referring to a specific month within a specific year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Starting in\u00a0<strong>September 1999<\/strong>\u00a0(no comma, month spelled out in full, year listed numerically.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The target for completion of the project is\u00a0<strong>August 1999.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use commas<\/strong> when you are referring to a specific month, day and year within a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oct. 1, 2012, was a Friday. January 2015 was wet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing about&nbsp;<strong>decades<\/strong>,&nbsp;use numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 1920s, the 1980s, the \u201980s, the mid-1960s, the mid-\u201960s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing about&nbsp;<strong>periods of time over years<\/strong>, a hyphen is used to connect dates except when preceded by \u201cfrom\u201d or \u201cbetween.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 1982-83 tax year, from January to May (not from January-May), between 1970 and 1976 (not between 1970-76)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>NOTE: Don\u2019t drop the first two digits if the numbers are not the same: 1998-99, but 1998-2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing about&nbsp;<strong>centuries<\/strong>,&nbsp;as with numbers&nbsp;<strong>spell out the first nine as words, and use digits for 10 and above<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the fifth century<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the 19th century<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hours are written numerically with no zeros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>9 a.m. (not 9:00 a.m.) 11 p.m.\u00a0<strong>but<\/strong>\u00a011:45 p.m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>noon (not 12 noon. The 12 is redundant.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A&nbsp;<strong>range of times<\/strong>&nbsp;is written using the word&nbsp;\u201c<strong>to<\/strong>\u201d&nbsp;in text, but with a&nbsp;<strong>hyphen<\/strong>&nbsp;in tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The reception is scheduled from 8\u00a0<strong>to<\/strong>\u00a011 p.m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reception, 8-11 p.m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: The above rules for dates and times apply within the body of text. In&nbsp;<strong>calendars, tables, forms or graphs<\/strong>&nbsp;where space is extremely tight, short forms and figures can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nov. \u201998 Dec. \u201998 Jan. \u201999<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-28 kt-pane209_b4ba5c-7a\" id=\"ellipses\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Ellipses<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Also known as dot, dot, dot or ...<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Three periods (...) comprise an ellipsis, with the addition of a fourth period to end a sentence. Ellipses are used to indicate omission of text. Put spaces before and after the periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In her letter of nomination, McDougall wrote, \u201cLynda Hoffer is one of the most exceptional chemistry students I have ever had ... exhibiting a keen love of learning.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In condensing text, use an ellipsis at the beginning, inside or at the end of a sentence. If it is at the end, put the punctuation before the ellipsis. Hence four periods ends a sentence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cThe decision is clear\u2026. The elected representatives have reached a concensus.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cWhat is the answer?... We must strive harder.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-15 kt-pane209_e25948-45\" id=\"headlines\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Headlines<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Headlines for websites should typically be about <strong>six words <\/strong>(fewer than 45 characters), intriguing readers into clicking into the story. A strong, <strong>active verb<\/strong> can help create a mental picture. Put it in the <strong>present tense<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Don't use a name-only reference with people who aren't well known.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only the first letter in the first word of the headline is uppercase. All other words in the headline follow normal Canadian Press style for capitalization. However, the principal words of headlines are capped when they are quoted within the body of a story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The usual rules on abbreviations apply, with some additions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For Canadian provinces, it is OK to use <strong>B.C., P.E.I., N.B., N.L., N.S. and N.W.T.<\/strong> in all references (nouns and adjectives).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sask., Alta., Ont., Man., Nvt. <\/strong>and <strong>Que. <\/strong>can also be used, but only if space constraints require it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Don't shorten <strong>Yukon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not load up a headline with numerous abbreviations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use numerals&nbsp;\u2013 <strong>8<\/strong> instead of <strong>eight<\/strong>, <strong>1st<\/strong> instead of<strong> first<\/strong>, etc. \u2013 for numbers under 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use % instead of<strong> per cent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use <strong>M<\/strong>, capped, for <strong>million<\/strong> after numeral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>$2M in funding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use <strong>single<\/strong>, not double, <strong>quotation marks<\/strong> in headlines. Only use quotation marks in a headline if it includes a direct quote.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-16 kt-pane209_394ba0-9a\" id=\"hyphens\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Hyphens<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Use a hyphen<\/strong>&nbsp;when you join two words to form an adjective. This eliminates confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>first-year course<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>full-time equivalent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>third-year students<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>part-time studies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the government-mandated budget cut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Don\u2019t use a hyphen<\/strong>&nbsp;when the meaning is clear and there is no ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>one half course<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a full course<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>one half of the students<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A hyphen should not be used to join a prefix to a root\/base except to avoid doubling a vowel, tripling a consonant, duplicating a prefix or when the context is confusing or causes ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>antibiotic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>antivirus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>antiwar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>antisemitic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ebook<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>email<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>postdoctoral<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>postgraduate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>but<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>anti-inflation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>anti-intellectual<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>anti-ageism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>anti-racism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e-learning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e-reader<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>post-secondary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use a hyphen with the prefix \u201cre\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;where the word would otherwise be confusing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>re-entry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>re-coiled the rope (as opposed to recoiled in horror)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>re-covered a chair (as opposed to recovered from an illness)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>re-examine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Adverbs ending in \"ly\" are not followed by a hypen<\/strong>. The \"ly\" alerts readers that the word that follows is modified: a brightly lit room, an eagerly awaited speech<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-17 kt-pane209_d99b25-0c\" id=\"italics\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Italics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Italicize<\/strong> the titles of books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, proceedings, collections, theses, dissertations, plays, movies, operas, oratorios, paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works of art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>YFile<\/em>, 快播视频's newsletter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>The 快播视频 Magazine<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Margaret Atwood\u2019s novel <em>Alias Grace<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jack Granatstein\u2019s book <em>Who Killed Canadian History?<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <em>Toronto Star<\/em>, the <em>Globe and Mail<\/em>, the <em>Edmonton Journal<\/em>, the <em>Toronto Sun<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note: When the full title is not used, \u201cthe Sun\u201d it is not italicized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the publications produced at 快播视频 include: <em>Canada Watch<\/em>, produced by the Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies; <em>Canadian Woman Studies<\/em>, produced by the Centre for Feminist Research; and <em>The 快播视频 Magazine<\/em>, published by the Department of Strategic Communications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>William Shakespeare\u2019s <em>Romeo and Juliet<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frank Capra\u2019s movie <em>It\u2019s a Wonderful Life<\/em>, starring James Stewart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Handel\u2019s <em>Messiah<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rodin\u2019s sculpture <em>The Thinker<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Voice of Fire<\/em>, a painting by Barnett Newman<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ralph Beninger\u2019s dissertation is titled <em>Freud: The Dream Maker<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: When it comes to <strong>poetry<\/strong>, only epic poems are italicized. Regular short poems are set in <strong>quotation marks<\/strong> in the usual roman type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Milton\u2019s <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> (an epic poem) was written well after \u201cOn His Blindness.\u201d (a short poem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not italicize titles of articles, chapters in books, research project titles, short stories, regular poems, radio and television programs, lectures, papers read at meetings, manuscripts in collections. Instead, <strong>type them in roman type and set them inside quotation marks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Peter Gzowski hosted his last episode of \u201cMorningside\u201d in 1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cMy Son at the Seashore, Age Two\u201d is one of the poems in the collection <em>Forests of the Medieval World<\/em> by York Professor Don Coles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CBC Television\u2019s program \u201cThis Hour Has 22 Minutes\u201d is enormously popular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Do not italicize <\/strong>songs, ships, aircraft or trains. <strong>Set in roman type and capitalize initials<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The song Sudbury Saturday Night is a classic by Stompin\u2019 Tom Connors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The staff party will take place on the Empire Sandy, which is docked at the foot of Bay Street.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Italicize foreign words and phrases<\/strong>, including Latin phrases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Staff members gathered to say <em>grazie <\/em>and <em>obrigado<\/em> to the governments of Italy and Portugal for funding scholarships at York.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He received a doctor of laws <em>honoris causa<\/em> from 快播视频.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>York\u2019s motto is <em>tentanda via<\/em>. (Note: do not capitalize the first letter except at the beginning of a sentence.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-18 kt-pane209_0ba0bc-af\" id=\"lists\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Lists: bullets, numbers, etc.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>There are three basic types of lists:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>lists that contain only a few words in each item, not containing a full verb phrase;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lists of items that combine to form one giant sentence, each item completing the partial sentence interrupted by a semicolon; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lists of items that are each at least one independent sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Bullets are preferred except when the items in the list are to give the basic points that will be explained later in full. In this second case numbers or letters can be used, which will also be re-used consistently within the body where the explanation\/expansion of each appears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type 1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically complete sentence that introduces the coming list of nouns, noun phrases, etc. Items are brief, of only a few words (not a clause containing a verb). Each item begins with a lowercase and no punctuation follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>快播视频 has introduced several new programs for the academic year 1999-2000:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>information technology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>business and society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>business economics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>international studies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type 2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically incomplete sentence, and all items end with a semicolon except the final one, which has a period to end the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The students demanded that the government:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>take steps to end corruption among party officials;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>institute political reforms leading to more democracy and less authoritarianism; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>end martial law in the capital.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type 3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 must be introduced by a grammatically complete sentence, often containing an anticipatory word tipping off the reader that a list is to follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The students made these demands:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The students listed several demands:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The students presented a long list of objectives:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These items are each at least one complete sentence. They can contain more than one sentence, but cannot run more than one paragraph, except possibly the final one. Each item begins with uppercase and ends with a period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The students demanded the following of the government:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A meeting will be arranged between the student executive and the administration within the next two months.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Faculty and student executives will co-ordinate bimonthly meetings to continue developing funding initiatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: If the items are each too long and\/or too complicated to match with either Type 2 or 3, the information is not suitable for bullets or numbered lists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When to use bullets, numbers and letters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Each item should be identified with a number if the list is introduced with a phrase such as: \"There are three reasons...\"<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Items should be identified with numbers or letters if they will be expanded on and referred to in the text following. They must be consistent and clear when referencing the items given earlier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For all other occasions, bullets should be used to identify each item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-19 kt-pane209_3c237b-7d\" id=\"possessives\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Possessives<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Singular and plural nouns not ending in \u201cs\u201d <\/strong>take an apostrophe and \u201cs\u201d to form the possessive case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Father\u2019s pipe, women\u2019s health, people\u2019s food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Plural nouns ending in \u201cs\u201d<\/strong> take an apostrophe alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Teachers\u2019 apples, the two peoples\u2019 history, the Joneses\u2019 daughter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Singular nouns and names ending in \u201cs\u201d <\/strong>(or an \u201cs\u201d sound) normally take an \u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chris\u2019s sandwich Burgess\u2019s novel, the witness\u2019s testimony<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But <strong>names of two or more syllables that end with a \u201cz\u201d or \u201ceez\u201d sound<\/strong> often take only an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lansens\u2019 foot, Mars\u2019 laws, Socrates\u2019 plays<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Names ending in a silent \u201cs\u201d or \u201cx\u201d<\/strong> take an \u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Duplessis\u2019s cabinet, Francaix\u2019s symphony<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For<strong> company and institutional names<\/strong>, follow the organization\u2019s preference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If something is <strong>descriptive <\/strong>rather than possessive, it does not take an apostrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>hitchhikers guide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>students council<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>teachers association<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(See the&nbsp;<a href=\"#apostrophes\"><strong>Apostrophes<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;section.)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-20 kt-pane209_ec149d-95\" id=\"quotations\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Quotations<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Always use double quotation marks for speech except for in headlines and quotes within a quote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Double quotation marks<\/strong>&nbsp;frame direct quotes. Anything inside them is assumed to be exactly what was said or written. Anything else inserted inside for clarification or explanation should be framed in square brackets. (See the&nbsp;<a href=\"#brackets\"><strong>Brackets<\/strong><\/a> section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>He said, \u201cWe are working to improve it [the curriculum] over the summer.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Periods and commas always go inside closing quotation marks; colons and semicolons go outside. The question mark and exclamation mark go inside the quote marks when they apply to the quoted matter only; outside when they apply to the entire sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Single quotation marks<\/strong>&nbsp;indicate a quote or saying within a direct quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cI don\u2019t want the phrase \u2018Those who can, do, and those who can\u2019t, teach,\u2019 to be seen to apply to the Faculty of Health,\u201d said the new dean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not use quotation marks to enclose slogans and headlines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not use quotation marks around single letters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use single, not double, quotation marks in headlines. Only use quotation marks in a headline if it includes a direct quote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not italicize titles of articles, chapters in books, research project titles, short stories, regular poems, radio and television programs, lectures, papers read at meetings, manuscripts in collections. Instead, <strong>type them in roman type and set them inside quotation marks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Peter Gzowski hosted his last episode of \u201cMorningside\u201d in 1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cMy Son at the Seashore, Age Two\u201d is one of the poems in the collection <em>Forests of the Medieval World<\/em> by York Professor Don Coles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CBC Television\u2019s program \u201cThis Hour Has 22 Minutes\u201d is enormously popular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-21 kt-pane209_12905b-d5\" id=\"semicolons\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Semicolons<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>Use a semicolon to separate statements too closely related to stand as separate sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a semicolon to separate phrases that contain commas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a semicolon to precede explanatory phrases introduced by \u201cfor example,\u201d \u201cnamely,\u201d \u201cthat is\u201d and the like when a comma is too weak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Semicolons go outside quotation marks.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-22 kt-pane209_f73dc6-60\" id=\"underlining\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Underlining<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>(See the&nbsp;<a href=\"#italics\"><strong>Italics<\/strong><\/a> section.)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jump to:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1896,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-209","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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