{"id":38381,"date":"2021-10-07T12:00:09","date_gmt":"2021-10-07T16:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=38381"},"modified":"2021-10-07T12:00:09","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T16:00:09","slug":"protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"attachment_38382\" style=\"width: 1186px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38382\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38382\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\" alt=\"Painting of glaciers behind forestry and a lake\" width=\"1176\" height=\"749\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-38382\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cHeritage\u201d by artist Andy Everson of the K\u2019\u00f3moks First Nation. The piece features the majestic Comox Glacier, which overlooks the Comox Valley. The glacier is referred to by the Comox people as \u201cQueneesh\u201d, or white whale, and refers to the creature which tied the early Comox people to their territory during a great flood many of thousands of years ago.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-37281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Emily-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Xiang\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" \/>Emily Xiang is an IPilogue Writer, the President of the Intellectual Property Society of Osgoode, and a 2L JD Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In 1996, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/export\/sites\/www\/tk\/en\/databases\/creative_heritage\/docs\/ip_aboriginal_people.pdf\">Comox First Nation in British Columbia brought a claim<\/a> against an Indigenous artist from a different tribe over the use of the trademark \u201cQueneesh\u201d, which had been used to describe the defendant\u2019s art business. Comox First Nation alleged that only the band had the right to use the term \u201cQueneesh\u201d because of its significant cultural meaning, being the name of both a Comox legend and its development corporation. The court ultimately decided against the band because \u201cAboriginal rights are outside the scope of trademark law.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cases like this raise questions about the scope of intellectual property (IP) law in Canada. In developing tests to determine the ambit and nature of Aboriginal rights and title (in <a href=\"https:\/\/scc-csc.lexum.com\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/609\/index.do\"><em>R v Sparrow<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/scc-csc.lexum.com\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/1407\/index.do\"><em>R v Van der Peet<\/em><\/a>), the Canadian judiciary has repeatedly emphasized taking into account <a href=\"https:\/\/scc-csc.lexum.com\/scc-csc\/scc-csc\/en\/item\/609\/index.do\">\u201cthe distinctive societies and <em>cultures <\/em>of Aboriginal peoples.\u201d<\/a> So, at least some elements of Indigenous culture are inherently important enough to warrant constitutional protection. As William Fisher notes in <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3939&amp;context=dlj\"><em>The Puzzle of Traditional Knowledge<\/em><\/a>, traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) are often \u201ccentral to the identities of indigenous groups,\u201d and unauthorized use of them \u201ccorrodes those identities,\u201d especially when the knowledge or expression in question is religious or artistic in nature.<\/p>\n<p>The challenge arises in attempting to balance the protection of cultural expressions, the free exchange of these experiences, and the accessibility of the formal IP system to all. High costs and complex processes that are often associated with the registration, renewal, or enforcement of IP protection often serve as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/108.nsf\/eng\/00007.html\">barriers<\/a> for Indigenous peoples seeking to use the formal IP system.<\/p>\n<p>Many other issues stem from the fact that the formal IP system and traditional cultural systems are often based on competing worldviews. Formal IP laws in Canada tend to only recognize known individual creators or owners as holders of IP rights, which can be difficult to square with Indigenous outlooks of \u201cownership\u201d. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/3b00f4380.pdf\">UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations<\/a> has noted that \u201cindigenous peoples do not view their heritage in terms of property at all\u2026but in terms of community and individual responsibility\u2026For indigenous peoples, heritage is a bundle of relationships, rather than a bundle of economic rights.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Trademark law in particular has the benefit of granting collective rights and can also provide perpetual protection. In order to receive protection under<a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/T-13\/\"> Canadian trademark law<\/a>, however, <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu\/facsch_lawrev\/725\/\">TCEs must qualify as commercial goods or services<\/a>, and some aspects of, for example, indigenous folklore, may not meet this definition.<\/p>\n<p>A compound approach involving both Indigenous customary laws and contemporary intellectual property regimes should be implemented to protect indigenous TCEs in Canada. For instance, certain individuals or groups within an Indigenous community may be deemed as \u201ccustodians\u201d of TCEs, authorized to <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.uw.edu\/wilj\/vol15\/iss3\/8\/\">determine who outside the community may use or reproduce them and in what manner<\/a>. Contemporary IP systems may supplement more effective implementation or provide sustainable regimes where prior consent is given by the traditional owners of the TCE.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>As explained by Professor Erica-Irene Daes, \u201cthere is usually an individual who can best be described as a custodian or caretaker of each song, story, name, medicine, sacred place and other aspect of a people's heritage.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Michael Harkin gives the example of songs and dances associated with the Kawkiutl potlatch tradition, which are \u201cunder the exclusive possession and control of particular individuals.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> With the existence of such individual \u201cmiddle persons\u201d in the relationship between Indigenous nations, their TCEs, and the remainder of the world, incompatibilities between contemporary IP regimes and Indigenous worldviews can potentially be reconciled through rigorous and effective consultation, as well as other means of seeking informed consent, on the part of non-members and non-authorized users.<\/p>\n<p>On June 21, 2021, Bill C-15, the <a href=\"https:\/\/parl.ca\/DocumentViewer\/en\/43-2\/bill\/C-15\/first-reading\"><em>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act<\/em><\/a><u>,<\/u> received Royal Assent. Two provisions within the Declaration are particularly salient to discussions on Indigenous rights and protections:<\/p>\n<p><em>[Article 11] Indigenous peoples have...the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures...<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>[Article 31] Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures\u2026They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Taken together, these articles call for the enhanced autonomy of Indigenous peoples to implement their own laws and traditions on matters concerning their people, as well as to \u201cmaintain, control, protect, and develop\u201d that which belongs to them. They also serve to reaffirm a fundamental link between protection of Indigenous intellectual property rights and the revitalization of their cultural traditions and customs. Therefore, indigenous customary laws should be recognized as the best-suited mechanism for dealing with the <em>sui generis <\/em>nature of indigenous cultural property, and also the most just, as it would promote Indigenous autonomy and sovereignty over indigenous affairs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Erica-Irene Daes, \u201cIntellectual Property and Indigenous Peoples\u201d (2001) 95 Am Socy Intl Proc 143 at 183.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Michael Harkin, <em>Privacy, Ownership and the Repatriation of Cultural Properties: An Ethnographic Perspective from the Northwest Coast<\/em> (2001) 5 at 306 (unpublished manuscript).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,3527,60,62],"tags":[4085,42,1942,4086,4087,4088,4089,4090,848,3328,4091],"class_list":["post-38381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-diversity-in-ip","category-ip","category-trademarks","tag-comox","tag-emily-xiang","tag-indigenous-law","tag-queneesh","tag-tce","tag-tk","tag-trademark-law","tag-traditional-cultural-expression","tag-traditional-knowledge","tag-undrip","tag-united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"headline\":\"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":950,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Comox\",\"Emily Xiang\",\"indigenous law\",\"Queneesh\",\"TCE\",\"TK\",\"trademark law\",\"traditional cultural expression\",\"traditional knowledge\",\"UNDRIP\",\"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blogs\",\"Diversity in IP\",\"IP\",\"Trademarks\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/\",\"name\":\"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/07\\\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\",\"name\":\"IPOsgoode\",\"description\":\"An Authoritive Leader in IP\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\",\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"ccraig\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/author\\\/ccraig\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode","og_url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/","og_site_name":"IPOsgoode","article_published_time":"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"ccraig","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ccraig","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/"},"author":{"name":"ccraig","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"headline":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World","datePublished":"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/"},"wordCount":950,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg","keywords":["Comox","Emily Xiang","indigenous law","Queneesh","TCE","TK","trademark law","traditional cultural expression","traditional knowledge","UNDRIP","United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"],"articleSection":["Blogs","Diversity in IP","IP","Trademarks"],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/","name":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World - IPOsgoode","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg","datePublished":"2021-10-07T16:00:09+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Andy-Everson-Heritage.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/07\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Protecting Culture in an IP-centred World"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/","name":"IPOsgoode","description":"An Authoritive Leader in IP","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94","name":"ccraig","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"ccraig"},"url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":3,"label":"Blogs"},{"value":3527,"label":"Diversity in IP"},{"value":60,"label":"IP"},{"value":62,"label":"Trademarks"}],"post_tag":[{"value":4085,"label":"Comox"},{"value":42,"label":"Emily Xiang"},{"value":1942,"label":"indigenous law"},{"value":4086,"label":"Queneesh"},{"value":4087,"label":"TCE"},{"value":4088,"label":"TK"},{"value":4089,"label":"trademark law"},{"value":4090,"label":"traditional cultural expression"},{"value":848,"label":"traditional knowledge"},{"value":3328,"label":"UNDRIP"},{"value":4091,"label":"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"ccraig","author_link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":3,"name":"Blogs","slug":"blogs","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":853,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":853,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Blogs","category_nicename":"blogs","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3527,"name":"Diversity in IP","slug":"diversity-in-ip","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3527,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":19,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3527,"category_count":19,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Diversity in IP","category_nicename":"diversity-in-ip","category_parent":0},{"term_id":60,"name":"IP","slug":"ip","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":60,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1229,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":60,"category_count":1229,"category_description":"","cat_name":"IP","category_nicename":"ip","category_parent":0},{"term_id":62,"name":"Trademarks","slug":"trademarks","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":62,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":416,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":62,"category_count":416,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Trademarks","category_nicename":"trademarks","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":4085,"name":"Comox","slug":"comox","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4085,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":42,"name":"Emily Xiang","slug":"emily-xiang","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":42,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":20,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1942,"name":"indigenous law","slug":"indigenous-law","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1942,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4086,"name":"Queneesh","slug":"queneesh","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4086,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4087,"name":"TCE","slug":"tce","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4087,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4088,"name":"TK","slug":"tk","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4088,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4089,"name":"trademark law","slug":"trademark-law","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4089,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4090,"name":"traditional cultural expression","slug":"traditional-cultural-expression","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4090,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":848,"name":"traditional knowledge","slug":"traditional-knowledge","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":848,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":6,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3328,"name":"UNDRIP","slug":"undrip","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3328,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4091,"name":"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples","slug":"united-nations-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4091,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38381"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38381\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}